ASTM D 2566 PDF Free Download: A Guide for Thermosetting Casting Resins
If you are looking for a reliable and easy way to measure the linear shrinkage of cured thermosetting casting resins during cure, you might want to check out the ASTM D 2566 standard. This standard is a useful tool for quality control, product development, and research purposes. In this article, we will explain what ASTM D 2566 is, what are thermosetting casting resins, and how to use them for different purposes.
What is ASTM D 2566?
ASTM D 2566 is a standard test method for linear shrinkage of cured thermosetting casting resins during cure. It was developed by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), an international organization that provides technical standards for various materials, products, systems, and services. ASTM D 2566 was first published in 1979 and has been revised several times since then. The latest edition was published in 1986 and is currently inactive.
astm d 2566 pdf free download
Scope and purpose of the standard
The scope of ASTM D 2566 covers the measurement of the linear component of the shrinkage of thermosetting casting systems during cure. The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment, so it is the responsibility of the user to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
The purpose of ASTM D 2566 is to provide a simple and accurate method to evaluate the shrinkage behavior of thermosetting casting resins during cure. Shrinkage is an important factor that affects the dimensional stability, mechanical properties, and performance of thermoset products. By measuring the shrinkage of thermoset resins, one can optimize the curing process, improve the quality of the final product, and avoid potential defects such as cracks, warping, or distortion.
Test method and procedure
The test method of ASTM D 2566 is similar to SPI-ERF 12-64, Method of Test for Linear Shrinkage of Epoxy Casting Resins During Cure. The test method involves filling a half round cavity mold with liquid resin, curing it under specified conditions, and measuring the difference between the length of the cured resin and the mold. The linear shrinkage is calculated as a percentage of the original length.
The test procedure of ASTM D 2566 consists of the following steps:
Prepare a mold with a half round cavity that has a length of 100 mm 0.5 mm, a radius of 12.5 mm 0.5 mm, and a depth of 25 mm 0.5 mm.
Condition the mold at 23C 2C and 50% 5% relative humidity for at least 24 hours before use.
Mix the resin and hardener according to the manufacturer's instructions.
Pour the resin into the mold until it overflows slightly.
Remove any excess resin with a spatula or a straightedge.
Cover the mold with a glass plate or a metal sheet to prevent evaporation or contamination.
Cure the resin at the temperature and time specified by the manufacturer or as agreed upon by the parties concerned.
Remove the cured resin from the mold and measure its length with a micrometer or a vernier caliper.
Calculate the linear shrinkage as follows: Linear shrinkage (%) = (Length of mold - Length of cured resin) / Length of mold x 100
Report the average of three replicate tests as the linear shrinkage of the resin.
Applications and benefits of the standard
ASTM D 2566 is applicable to various types of thermosetting casting resins, such as epoxy, polyester, phenolic, and urethane resins. It can be used for quality control, product development, and research purposes. Some of the benefits of using ASTM D 2566 are:
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chemical shrinkage characterization techniques for thermoset resins and associated composites yasir nawab salma shahid nicolas boyard frederic jacquemin
chemical shrinkage characterization techniques for thermoset resins and associated composites in this article all the techniques used in the literature are reported briefly
chemical shrinkage characterization techniques for thermoset resins and associated composites advantages disadvantages and important results
chemical shrinkage characterization techniques for thermoset resins and associated composites astm standard d2566 provided a simple method to measure the linear component of the apparent shrinkage of a thermoset resin casting system during cure
chemical shrinkage characterization techniques for thermoset resins and associated composites a half round cavity mould is filled with liquid resin difference between length of cured resin and the mould corresponds to the apparent shrinkage
shrinkage cure characterization and processing of unsaturated polyester resin containing pvac low profile additive
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shrinkage cure characterization and processing of unsaturated polyester resin containing pvac low profile additive in this paper the effect of polyvinyl acetate pvac as a low profile additive lpa on shrinkage control of an iso unsaturated polyester resin has been investigated and cure behaviour morphology
shrinkage cure characterization and processing of unsaturated polyester resin containing pvac low profile additive effect of pvac on mechanical properties thermal stability water absorption gel time viscosity exothermic peak temperature degree of cure etc was studied
It provides a simple and accurate method to measure the linear shrinkage of thermosetting resins during cure.
It helps to optimize the curing process and improve the quality of the final product.
It helps to avoid potential defects such as cracks, warping, or distortion caused by excessive shrinkage.
It helps to compare the performance of different thermosetting resins and select the most suitable one for a specific application.
If you are interested in downloading ASTM D 2566 PDF for free, you can visit this link and get access to the full text of the standard.
What are thermosetting casting resins?
Thermosetting casting resins are a type of synthetic resins that undergo an irreversible chemical reaction when heated or mixed with a hardener. They form a solid, rigid, and durable material that cannot be melted or reshaped by heating. Thermosetting casting resins are widely used for making molds, models, prototypes, electrical components, adhesives, coatings, and composite materials.
Definition and characteristics of thermosetting resins
According to the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), thermosetting resins are "polymeric materials that are irreversibly cured from a soft solid or viscous liquid prepolymer or resin". Thermosetting resins have the following characteristics:
They consist of monomers or oligomers that have reactive functional groups, such as epoxy, hydroxyl, carboxyl, or amine groups.
They require a hardener or a catalyst to initiate the curing reaction. The hardener can be an acid, a base, an anhydride, a peroxide, or an amine. The catalyst can be a metal salt, an organic compound, or a radiation source.
They undergo cross-linking or polymerization reactions that form three-dimensional networks of covalent bonds. The degree of cross-linking determines the mechanical properties and thermal stability of the cured resin.
They have high molecular weights and high viscosities. They need to be heated or diluted with solvents to reduce their viscosity and improve their flowability.
They have high thermal resistance and chemical resistance. They do not soften or degrade when exposed to high temperatures or harsh environments.
They have low shrinkage and low creep. They retain their shape and dimensions after curing and do not deform under stress or temperature changes.
Types and examples of thermosetting resins
There are many types of thermosetting resins with different chemical structures and properties. Some of the most common types are:
Epoxy resins: These are based on epoxy groups that react with hardeners such as amines, anhydrides, or phenols. Epoxy resins have excellent adhesion, electrical insulation, corrosion resistance, and mechanical strength. They are used for making printed circuit boards, aerospace components, wind turbine blades, and coatings.
Polyester resins: These are based on ester groups that react with hardeners such as peroxides or cobalt salts. Polyester resins have good flexibility, water resistance, and weatherability. They are used for making fiberglass reinforced plastics (FRP), boat hulls, pipes, tanks, and furniture.
Phenolic resins: These are based on phenol groups that react with hardeners such as formaldehyde or hexamine. Phenolic resins have high heat resistance, flame retardance, and dimensional stability. They are used for making brake pads, plywood, laminates, and coatings.
Urethane resins: These are based on urethane groups that react with hardeners such as isocyanates or polyols. Urethane resins have high elasticity, abrasion resistance, and impact resistance. They are used for making rubber products, foams, sealants, and adhesives.
Properties and advantages of thermosetting resins
Thermosetting resins have some unique properties and advantages that make them suitable for various applications. Some of these are:
They can be cast into complex shapes and sizes with high precision and accuracy.
They can be cured at room temperature or elevated temperature depending on the type of resin and hardener.
They can be modified with fillers, reinforcements, additives, or pigments to enhance their properties and appearance.
They can be bonded to different substrates such as metals, plastics, ceramics, or wood with strong adhesion.
They can withstand high temperatures, pressures, stresses, and chemical attacks without losing their integrity or functionality.
They have low maintenance and long service life.
How to use thermosetting casting resins for different purposes?
Thermosetting casting resins can be used for a variety of purposes depending on the type of resin, the curing method, and the desired outcome. Here are some tips and guidelines on how to use thermosetting casting resins for different purposes:
Selection criteria and guidelines for thermosetting resins
The first step in using thermosetting casting resins is to select the most appropriate resin for your specific application. You need to consider the following factors when choosing a thermosetting resin:
The required properties and performance of the final product. For example, if you need a high strength and heat resistant product, you might want to use an epoxy resin. If you need a flexible and water resistant product, you might want to use a polyester resin.
The curing conditions and equipment available. For example, if you have a limited time and space for curing, you might want to use a room temperature curing resin. If you have a high temperature oven or a vacuum chamber for curing, you might want to use a high temperature curing resin.
The cost and availability of the resin and hardener. For example, if you have a tight budget and need a large quantity of resin, you might want to use a cheap and readily available resin. If you have a high budget and need a small quantity of resin, you might want to use a expensive and specialized resin.
You can also consult the manufacturer's data sheet or the technical support team for more information and recommendations on the selection of thermosetting resins.
Preparation and curing methods for thermosetting resins
The second step in using thermosetting casting resins is to prepare the resin and hardener according to the manufacturer's instructions. You need to follow these steps when preparing thermosetting resins:
Measure the correct amount of resin and hardener by weight or volume using a scale or a graduated cylinder.
Mix the resin and hardener thoroughly in a clean container using a stirrer or a mixer. Avoid introducing air bubbles or dust into the mixture.
Add any fillers, reinforcements, additives, or pigments if needed and mix well.
Pour the mixture into the mold or the substrate within the pot life or working time of the resin. The pot life is the time that the mixture remains liquid and workable before it starts to gel. The working time is the time that the mixture can be poured or applied before it becomes too viscous or tacky.
Cure the resin at the specified temperature and time using an oven, a hot plate, a heat gun, or a UV lamp. The curing time is the time that the resin reaches its full strength and hardness after pouring or applying. The curing temperature is the temperature that the resin needs to reach during curing to achieve its optimal properties.
You can also use different curing methods such as pressure curing, vacuum curing, or microwave curing to improve the quality of the final product.
Common uses and applications of thermosetting resins
The third step in using thermosetting casting resins is to enjoy the benefits of your final product. You can use thermosetting resins for various purposes such as:
Making molds for casting metals, plastics, ceramics, or concrete.
Making models for prototyping, testing, or display.
Making electrical components such as transformers, capacitors, switches, or sensors.
Making adhesives for bonding metals, plastics, ceramics, or wood.
Making coatings for protecting metals, plastics, ceramics, or wood from corrosion, abrasion, or UV radiation.
Making composite materials by combining thermosetting resins with fibers, fabrics, or particles to enhance their strength, stiffness, or toughness.
You can also use thermosetting resins for other creative purposes such as making jewelry, art, or crafts.
Conclusion
Thermosetting casting resins are a versatile and valuable material that can be used for various purposes. By using the ASTM D 2566 standard, you can measure the linear shrinkage of thermosetting resins during cure and optimize their performance and quality. You can also download the ASTM D 2566 PDF for free from this link and learn more about the standard. We hope this article has helped you understand what ASTM D 2566 is, what are thermosetting casting resins, and how to use them for different purposes.
FAQs
Here are some frequently asked questions about ASTM D 2566 and thermosetting casting resins:
What is the difference between thermosetting and thermoplastic resins?
Thermosetting resins are resins that undergo an irreversible chemical reaction when heated or mixed with a hardener. They form a solid, rigid, and durable material that cannot be melted or reshaped by heating. Thermoplastic resins are resins that soften when heated and harden when cooled. They can be melted and reshaped by heating multiple times.
What are the disadvantages of thermosetting resins?
Some of the disadvantages of thermosetting resins are:
They have a limited shelf life and pot life. They need to be stored and used within a certain period of time before they lose their reactivity or workability.
They have a high curing temperature and time. They need to be heated for a long time to achieve their full strength and hardness.
They have a high viscosity and low flowability. They need to be heated or diluted with solvents to reduce their viscosity and improve their flowability.
They are difficult to recycle or dispose of. They cannot be reused or remolded by heating. They need to be incinerated or landfilled in an environmentally friendly way.
How can I improve the properties of thermosetting resins?
You can improve the properties of thermosetting resins by modifying them with fillers, reinforcements, additives, or pigments. Some of the examples are:
Fillers: These are inert materials that are added to thermosetting resins to reduce their cost, increase their density, or improve their thermal conductivity. Some of the common fillers are silica, alumina, calcium carbonate, or graphite.
Reinforcements: These are materials that are added to thermosetting resins to increase their strength, stiffness, or toughness. Some of the common reinforcements are glass fibers, carbon fibers, aramid fibers, or nanotubes.
Additives: These are materials that are added to thermosetting resins to enhance their properties or performance. Some of the common additives are flame retardants, antioxidants, UV stabilizers, or curing agents.
Pigments: These are materials that are added to thermosetting resins to change their color or appearance. Some of the common pigments are titanium dioxide, iron oxide, carbon black, or organic dyes.
How can I test the quality of thermosetting resins?
You can test the quality of thermosetting resins by performing various tests such as:
Viscosity test: This test measures the resistance of thermosetting resins to flow under a certain force. It indicates the workability and flowability of thermosetting resins.
Gel time test: This test measures the time that thermosetting resins take to reach a gel-like state after mixing with a hardener. It indicates the pot life and curing rate of thermosetting resins.
Shrinkage test: This test measures the change in length of cured thermosetting resins during cure. It indicates the dimensional stability and performance of thermoset products.
Tensile test: This test measures the force required to break a cured thermoset specimen under tension. It indicates the strength and ductility of thermoset products.
Hardness test: This test measures the resistance of a cured thermoset specimen to indentation by a sharp object. It indicates the hardness and wear resistance of thermoset products.
Where can I find more information and resources on thermosetting resins?
If you want to learn more about thermosetting resins and their applications, you can visit the following websites and sources:
The Society of Plastics Engineers (SPE): This is a professional organization that provides education, networking, and technical information on plastics and polymers. You can find articles, webinars, events, and publications on thermosetting resins and other topics on their website.
The American Composites Manufacturers Association (ACMA): This is a trade association that represents the composites industry in North America. You can find news, research, standards, and advocacy on thermosetting resins and other materials on their website.
The Thermoset Resin Formulators Association (TRFA): This is an organization that promotes the interests and growth of the thermoset resin industry. You can find technical papers, presentations, and meetings on thermosetting resins and other topics on their website.
The International Journal of Thermoset Resins: This is a peer-reviewed journal that publishes original research and reviews on thermosetting resins and related topics. You can access the journal online or in print.
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